CHAPTER I MYTHICAL ROSICRUCIAN PRECURSORS

THE BROTHERHOOD OF THE ROSY CROSS CHAPTER I MYTHICAL ROSICRUCIAN PRECURSORS THE Order of the Rosy Cross offers, on its external side, not only those general difficulties which are inherent to the subject of secret association but some others of a peculiar kind, chief among which are perhaps the successive transformations which it has suffered from within the groups and the actual circumstances of its origin, supposing that this is referable to the first quarter of the seventeenth century. It is much more difficult of approach than is, for example, the outward history of Emblematic Freemasonry. When the art and craft of building temples and houses began to be spiritualised is admittedly in a cloud of darkness, setting aside of course the casual symbolism which runs through all literature. We shall probably never know when men first took tools in their hands and began to moralise upon them, or when for such reason they might have called themselves speculative Masonshad a denomination of this kind come into their heads. But late or early-and not so late, I think-a time arrived when they issued out of their obscurity and held that epoch-making meeting which is connected for ever with the name of the London Apple-Tree Tavern. Thereon followed the institution of a Grand Lodge which became that of England-rega:rded now ;i,~ the Mother Temple of B I

the whole Masonic world. About the history henceforward there is no element of doubt on the broad scale, and so also we know the long story of spiritual and emblematic evolution which is that of the High Grades. There is nothing corresponding to the year 1717 in the history of the Rosy Cross. Between 161~ and ~616 certain pamphlets appeared in German and Lat11:" wh1_ch affirmed that a secret and mysterious Order had subsisted m Germany for about two centuries ; that it was full of light and knowledge, derived from a hidden centre in the NearEastern world ; that it could and was prepa"I"ed to transform and reform all the arts and sciences ; and, in fine, that with this object in view, and for the personal benefit of earnest, prepared seekers, it was willing to admit members. The effect of this proclamation in Germany, Holland and even England is now a matter of notoriety: everybody who knows anything about Secret Societies in Europe has heard of the great debate that followed. But the first question for our consideration and the first difficulty before us is whether there was a Society at all in any incorporated sense when the documents which claimed to reveal it were first published as an appeal to alumni and literati of magian and occult arts. So far therefore from a visible and recorded convention held at an Apple-Tree Tavern, we are in the presence of a claim put out suddenly from the void : all that which lay behind it is the initial matter for our research, whether or not it may be possible to reach thereon any degree of certitude. . So also in respect of developments, that which in Masonry is moderately clear at least lies far behind the veil in respect of the Rosy Cros_s. The manifestoes of the early seventeenth century w_er~ ei~her. sent out by an incorporated society or led to 1m1tat1ve incorporation at an early stage of the story· d · · h · ' an m eit er case there 1s sound reason for thinking that alchemy was the original concern-in-chief, however 2

the theory of transmutation may have been understood and pursued within the particular circle. We know further that it was left for a period, at least in one of the branches, and there followed, as the fashion of a time, those astral workings which are heard of in the eighteenth century. We know, in fine, that there was a return to alchemy, and there are vague hints upon processes followed at that period. But what was included under the denomination of astral it is our task to learn if we can, and so also whether the Philosopher's Stone in the light of the Rosy Cross was a Mystery of Spiritual Healing and Divine Tincture, an ethical art of contentment or a method of raising so-called base metals into the perfect form of gold. It is certain, again, that the great medley of theosophical Israel under the name of Kabalism was one concern of the Order, but there is no evidence on the surface to tell us why it was pursued ; now in the way of those Zoharic doctors who became-according to their legend-a sect of Christian illuminati; now in the expectation of performing prodigies by virtue of inherent power attributed to Divine Names ; and now in the contra-theosophical sense of the dregs and lees of grimoires. We know in fine that at the beginning there was an Occult Order, that in some of the developments it remains at this day within those measures, but that at the apex or crown of its evolution it has emerged from all the vain observances, from all the seerings and the skryings, and has gone up into the mountain of the Lord-the fabled secret mountain of adeptshipin search of Divine attainment. But of these transformations and developments there are no records, except in so far as they may exist in the Secret Houses of the Brotherhood ; and to approach therefore the story of the Rosy Cross on this side of its subject demands access to sources of knowledge which are open to few persons-if indeed to any outside the hidden circles. The archives of Mary's 3

Chapel, of Mother Kilwinning and other "time imi_nemorial " Lodges of the Masonic Brotherhood ~re available to Masonic students, but-on the hypothesis that they were and are-the Temples of the Rosy Cross may have indeed their names and local habitations, but they are as inaccessible to ordinary research as if they were in the " nowhere and the naught." As I have intimated therefore, its external history is one of peculiar difficulty, and it requires to be approached from within as well as without in order to reflect any real light thereon. Its elusive nature and the charm of its mystery, not to speak of the tales of faerie which have been gathered about it by makers of myths for the past three hundred years, have drawn imaginations in literature, imaginations also in quest, who have woven about it another and iridescent veil. We have to find how far the Rosicrucian of romance has been made in the image and likeness of those Brethren of the Rosy Cross who passsomewhat on the edges-across the horizon of history, and how far their quality of adeptship corresponds in the memorials concerning it with the radiant stuff of some of the modern dreams. So far as obvious memorials are concerned, Rosicrucian history begins in and about the year 1614. with the publication of those documents which I have mentioned briefly, and by a highly speculative inference from these it has been supposed that the traditional founder died in 1484 ;1 1 It is a date other":ise which recurs in Rosicrucian reveries, but only to betray research. Thus 1t happens that Mr. G. F. Fort recorded in AMERICAN NoTEs AND QuERIES, Philadelphia, October 24, 1891, as follows: "In tracing out recently some lines of historical research ... , I came upon a statement of fact that. may be of interest, namely, the establishment in Sleswic Den~~rk, a~no 1484, of a Fraternity of Rosicrucians : Fraternitas Rosarii Slesvtct condita, anno 1484." A Danish Guild of the Rosary suggests that someone has blundered b t "t · M F · · · . • u 1 IS not r. ort, as 1t happens : his referenco! is to SPECIMEN HISTORico-P I OLITICUM NAUGURATA DE GILDAllUM HISTORIA Amsterdam, 1834, the author being Cornelius Joscinus Fortuyn, who says'. 4

but the later legends of the Order have combined with independent makers of myths to stultify this speculation in favour of various conflicting dates and other founders, more or less remote in antiquity. As there will be sufficient opportunity to deal with them in later places, I will mention here one only of the more recent legends which may be said to have grown up within the Order, far down in the eighteenth century. It has obtained a casual vogue, owing to dissemination through Masonic channels in France. It postulates a founder of the Rosicrucians in a certain Ormesius or Ormuz and affirms that he was converted to Christianity at Alexandria by St. Mark, A.D. 46. He is said to have purified the Egyptian Mysteries and married them to the new faith. His disciples followed their master, and with these as a centre he established the Society of Ormuz, or of the Light. The sign of membership was a red cross worn on the person. Essenes and Therapeutc:e entered the ranks of this sodality, in which Hermetic Secrets were preserved and transmitted. The Baron de Westerode has been credited with putting forward this fiction, he being an adventurer among secret societies derivative from Masonry about the period of the French Revolution. An obscure figure in the annals, I conceive him nevertheless to have been connected with one of those pp. 53, 54 : ReligiostE Societates, qutE stEculo XII jam reperiuntur, in Dania frequenter insecutis stEculis occurrunt. Sic anno. 148 5 in urbe H eligenhaven prostat gildaSancttE Crucis, Flensburgi invenitur gilda SancttE MaritE anno I 514, Fraternitas Rosarii (Rosenkranz. Briider-schaft) Slesvici condita anno 1484, etc. It is obvious that the reference is to a Catholic Association for promoting the devotion of the Holy Rosary and that Fortuyn's parenthetical gloss represents his own confusion. He quotes otherwise an authority to support him, and this is RIP.IE CIMBRIC.IE SEU URBIS RIPENSIS IN CrMBRIA SIT.IE DESCRIPTIO, EX ANTIQurs MoNUMENTIS, etc . ••. Illustrata per Petrum T~rpager. ~lensburgurgi, 1736, p. 438. However, the place in question contains De Gilda S. Joannis and opens De Gilda S. Nicolai, which concludes on p. 440. They offer no light on the subject. On p. 434 there is a short notice De Gilda S. Crucis, but I have searched the text in vain for anv Guild of the Rosary and any reference to the Rosy Cross." · 5

cliques which found shelter under th~ ban~er o~ Masonry, offering little distinction between Rosicrucian Rit:s proper and the numerous obediences of the Rose-Croix Grade in the old Rite of Perfection. These things merged into one another continually-or at least in the records concerning them. The alleged Society of Ormuz has been reflected into modern systems, like the confused and unwieldy Masonic Rite of Memphis. It is a characteris.tic specimen of spurious traditional history, to be met with everywhere in Masonry. 1 1 It would be interesting to follow this curious fable further and identify the Rite with which it may have been incorporated at first. Among English references there is Kenneth Mackenzie's RoYAL CYCLOP.IEDIA OF FREEMASONRY, s.v. Ormesius. But he names no source. As a fact, however, he derived information from Thory's AcTA LATOMOllUM. Quite naturally, the story has lost nothing in its travels from mouth to mouth. See in particular THE THEOSOPHICAL REVIEW, Vol. XXVII, pp. 422 et seq., 1900--01. It produces some " Reasons " for believing that Francis Bacon was a Rosicrucian and leads up to this main subject in the manner following : (1) The Order of the Rosy Cross claimed Ormuz as it' founder: it did nothing of the sort; the Ormuz fable was fathered on the Order at a late period. (2) It was allied closely to the Knights Templar and [or J the Knights Companions of St. John of Jerusalem. (3) Battista Porta in 1605 was a Chief of the Rosy Cross, who " under cover of his comedies instructed initiates in things human and divine "-not apparently under cover of his famous work on MAGIA NATURALIS. (4) Wickliffe, Lollard, Chaucer, Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio, Voltaire, Goethe, Lessing, Swedenborg, Mesmer and Behme " are to-day openly acknowledged as Brethren of the Craft," by whom does not appear, but by those presumably who regard Bacon as a Rosicrucian and as the "concealed poet" of the Shakespeare plays. It is scarcely necessary to say that no particle of evidence is produced in support of these sta~em~nts : they are the vapourings of foolish dreams. Porta, for example, died m 1615, one year after the Rosy Cross made its public appeara~ce o.n the s;age in Germany. We may compare an essay on the Rosicrucians which appeared in THEOSOPHICAL SIFTINGS, Vol. III. flll a;counts are said to agree "in pointing to an origin outside Europe m ~nental lands." They do nothing of the sort, and in fact the Ormu~ fiction appears to stand alone. It stands or falls on the authority of Thory, who says: (1) That a letter by the Baron de Westerode is in the archives of the PHILOSOPHICAL RITE; (2) that it was written from Ratisbon in 17.84 ; (3) that it was addressed to the Head Tribunal · (4) that it con- ~~ms ~he ~rmuz story ; and (5) that the story in questlon is described as received in Sweden " wh1"ch m tha · · di · 1 · b ' ay mean t it is a tra tlona history e6

I have taken this particular illustration, not indee4 that it is the best, or otherwise the nearest at hand, but as serving the purpose of a moment, to introduce the alternative fables which are not traditional histories, manufactured for Grade purposes-or to promote a particular claimbut views and opinions formulated in all seriousness as contributions to the Rosicrucian subject. I will cite them in that order to which they would belong in chronology, were there any chronology in reveries of this kind. We can pass over as simply fantastic some unsupported expressions of personal conviction like that of the French writer Sedir, who tells us (1) that the Middle Ages and Renaissance were united by a general belief in the existence of a Rosicrucian Order; and (2) that the Fraternity was at least coeval with the Christian era.1 So also Cohausen speculates concerning longing to the Swedish Rite of Masonry, an incorporation of many elements ; (6) that, according to de Westerode, the Rosicrucians came to Europe in n88-an important date connected with Templar history; (7) that three of the adepti proceeded to Scotland and there established an Order of Masons of the East. This legend is naturally set aside by Thory. There is very little doubt that he had seen the letter of Baron de Westerode, the present whereabouts of which are beyond speculation, as the archives of the ScoTTISH PHILOSOPHICAL RITE were dispersed on February 23, 1860. A catalogue was printed, but I have failed to obtain a copy. Baron de Westerode was on the Council of the RITE OF THE PHILALETHES and was present at the Convention of Paris summoned by that illustrious Masonic body. See AcTA LATOMORUM, I, 336, 337; II, 97. 1 H1sTOIRE DES RosE-CROIX, 1910. Preface, p. x; cap. II, p. 31. The author qualifies subsequently by affirming that a neo-Rosicrucianism arose at a later period, meaning that the manifestation of the early seventeenth century was a revival of something much older. But for this there is no evidence. We may compare Kenneth Mackenzie in THE Ros1cRUCIAN, August, 1874, being Transactions of the SocIETAS Ros1cRUCIANA IN ANGLIA. He appears to suggest in a confused paragraph that the Rosicrucian "system" was originally identical with the Chaldees or Culdees. So also in the same occasional periodical for 1900 another dreamer affirms on his personal author~ty, quoting nothing in support, that the " School " descended from the philosophers of Egypt and the Jewish rabbis. Compare Yarker, who describes the Fraternity as "inheritor of the Gnosis and mysterious wisdom of Egypt." See NoTES ON THE Sc1ENTIFIC AND RELIGIOUS MYSTERIES OF ANTIQUITY, P· 71. 7

Artephius, a supposed Arabian alche~ist, placed far in the past of Hermeticism, and calls him the patr~n of Rosicrucians. The supposition is without warrant m the single Latin tract which is extant under this name. 1 •• A considerable interest has attached always to the pos1t1on of Raymund Lully-meaning the alchemist who adopted that name-as an exponent of Rosicrucian doctrine on the side of Hermetic physics, and all the makers of incautious hypotheses have passed from one to another a confused reference to one of his famous tracts. Their thesis intends to cite the TESTAMENTUM MAGISTRI RAYMUNDI LuLLII, addressed to a Philip, King of France. In Pars I, cap. 87, of this work the adept states that he obtained the congelation of common mercury by means of its menstrual, and that he performed the experiment near Naples in prt:esentia physici regis . . . et certorum sociorum. As used by Cicero, the substantive word physicus signifies a natural philosopher, scrutator and student of Nature : it carries no suggestion whatever of adeptship, as understood in alchemy. In the adjective form it means natural, more especially in connection with philosophy. The expression certi socii-particular or faithful associates, may or may not imply a confederacy by way of incorporation, a companionship in terms of alliance ; but it would be used also for adherents in a common bond of sympathy. The context of Lully's statement specifies that his companions or witnesses of the experiment included a brother of St. John of Rhodes and one Bernard de la Bret : he was not therefore referring to the members of a secret order. He adds also that- . 1 HERM~P~us RE~1v1vus, '!om. II. Whether the tract of Artephius was written ongmally m Arabic I am-on the whole-disposed to doubt Ber~helot leaves the question open. In any case it is extant now only in th; atm form The alche · t h · h · · . · mis , w o 1s ot erwise unknown, claims to have ~ttamed the age of a thousand years by means of the Great Elixir. There JS no need to say that his · 1 d . . . . memona oes not contam a smgle reference to any secret association. 8

regia mafestate salva, with due respect to the King-those who saw what he had done understood it only in rather a homespun manner. So much for the Societas Physicorum under the leadership of a Rex Physicorum, as the passage is interpreted by those who take it for a covert allusion to the Rosicrucian Order or some kindred antecedent fraternity.1 It remains only to say that in his work entitled Experimenta, s.v. Aliud Experimentum ... XXXIV, Lully recurs to the congelation of Mercury, and says that his operation was performed in the presence of King Partinopeus, who appears to be purely mythical. Benedictus Figulus, who wrote and edited alchemical treatises in and about the year 1608, appears to have understood the certi socii of Lully as referring to a society of alchemists, which society was established in Italy at the beginning of the fifteenth century, and he would be therefore the father of the notion ; but its later purveyors have derived it indirectly through Solomon Semler. 1 1 The TESTAMENTUM of Raymund Lully is found in THEATRUM CHEMICUM, '!om. IV, and in the BIBLIOTHECA CHEMICA CuRIOSA of Mangetus, '!'om. I. The first part of the TESTAMENT is called THEORICA and the second PRACTICA. Sedir affirms that the THEATRUM CHEMICUM was edited by Rosicrucians at Strasbourg, an entirely gratuitous notion. See H1sTOIRE DES RosE-CROIX. Yarker, in his ARCANE SCHOOLS, p. 49, describes Lully as the great pioneer of Rosicrucians, but as much might be said of any other important alchemist prior to the seventeenth century. Heckethorn, in his SECRET SocIETIES OF ALL AcEs, betrays his incompetence by referring to Lully the entire THEATRUM CHEMICUM, as if this were one of his treatises instead of a great collection of alchemical writings extending to ten volumes. Sedir suggests that the debated passage in the TESTAMENT was interpolated, for the inscrutable reason that Villanova's RosARIUM is cited in cap. 38. But Arnoldus was a contemporary of the original Lully, who is to be distinguished from the later alchemist who adopted his name. See my RAYMUND LuLLY: Illuminated Doctor, Alchemist and Christian Mystic, 1922. • UNPARTEIISCHE SAMLUNGEN zuR H1sToR1E DER RosENKREUZER. Yon D. Joh. Salomo Semler. 4 vols. Leipzig, bei Georg Emanuel Beer. 1786, 87, 88. We hear also on Thory's authority of an Order of Magicians at ~lorence which is said to have merged into the Rosicrucians during the eighteenth century. He appears to reflect intimations, most probably 9

The addresses which occur in writers like Lully to Sons of Truth Sons of the Doctrine and Sons of the Order have bee~ applied, in much the same spirit of fantasy, to the Rosicrucian Brotherhood or their precursors. Arnoldus de Villa Nova makes use of such expressions,1 but precisely the same formula: recur incessantly in the ZoHAR, where they do not signify an incorporated society. The alchemical Sons of the Doctrine were the earnest researchers to whom the adepti appealed and for whom their tracts were written. They were also, and especially, the personal pupils of the Masters. Much stress has been laid also on the fact that a certain Count von Falkenstein, Prince Archbishop of Treves in the fourteenth century, was saluted once in the dedication of an alchemical work as " Most Illustrious and Serene Prince and Father of Philosophers." On the authority of this description it has been concluded that the prelate in question was at the head of an Occult Fraternity, which was that in fact of the Rosy Cross, whereas it is obvious in mythical, in THE RosrcRucrAN UNVEILED of Magister Pianco. Expanding all his precursors, Reghellini is said to state that Kabalists and Rosicrucians had settled from remote times at Florence, Vicenza and elsewhere.-LA MA~ONNERIE CONS!DEREE COMME LE RESULTAT DES RELIGIONS JurvE ET CHRETIENNE, 'lom. I, p. 344. But I do not find the reference either at the place cited or anywhere in Reghellini's three volumes. He speaks of a ~la tonic A:ademr es~ablished at the place in question A.D. 1540, and terms it a Masomc lnst1tut1on. III, p. 71. He quotes also a statement of Nicolai on the Order at Venice and Padua in 1622 and mentions a Rite of Alchemical R:.C:. at Padua in the eighteenth century. 1 . In Hermet~c l~terature the custom is as old as the Byzantine alchemists, and is no more s1gmficant of persons addressing one another within the circle of ~ secret society than is the great debate of the TuRBA PHILOSOPHORUM, which on the _surface claims to be a Holy Assembly of Adepts, but bears the fullest ev1der:ce o~ a c;ompi~ed dialogue. As regards Arnoldus, who ~~s teen quoted m this m1sleadmg connection, we have only to consult 15 IBER DrcTus THESAURUS THESAURORUM ET RosARIUM PHILOSOPHORUM to see t~a: th~ i°'.p.licit of !ilii Doctrinte is precisely the same as Oportet i~zt~r inq~mtorem hu;us scientite-Lib. I, cap. 6-as Studtas elrlgo, charimme-Lib. II, cap. 7-and Filius existens Philosophorum-Lib. , cap. 32. IO

sense and reason that his title is simply one of a patron of alchemists. It is not unimportant to follow out this misconception and mark how it has grown up. Among the tracts of that fourth volume of THEATRUM CHEMICUM 1 to which I have referred there is a PRACTICA ALCHEMIJE ascribed to Ortholanus,2 and it claims to have been compiled from his writings by an unknown Englishman named Joannes Dumbeler ex mandato lllustrissimi et Serenissimi Principis Patris Philosophorum Domini ac Domini Comitis de Falckenstein, Divina Providentia sanctte 'lrevensis Archiepiscopi, anno Domini, 1386. Dumbeler, as I have said, is an entirely supposititious Englishman, unknown to the history of alchemy in this country, and the Lord Archbishop of Treves, who is not himself imaginary,3 is only a Father of Philosophers in the sense of an interested patron-as already stated. So far from proving the fact of an incorporated society of alchemists at the alleged period it exhibits the denseness of those who have sought to found an argument of this·kind upon such an inscription. 4 1 THEATRUM CHEMICUM PRECIPUOS SELECTORUM AucTORUM TRACTATUS DE CHEMIA ET DE LAPIDIS PHYSIC! CoMPOSITIONE, etc., 1613, 'Iom. IV, 'Iract. 135 : M. Ortholani PRACTICA ALCHEMI.IE, PROBATA PARISUS, anno 1358. There is, of course, no evidence that this is a genuine date, but nothing attaches to the question. • Ortholanus wrote two commentaries on the EMERALD TABLE of pseudoHermes and he is sometimes described as LE PHILOSOPHE DESJARDINS MARITIMES. He has been identified otherwise as alchimiste Parisien. He is better known in England as Hortulanus. The PRACTICA ALcHEMI.IE was translated into English and published under date of 1627, based obviously on the edition of THEATRUM CHEMICUM. Professor Ferguson is disposed to question whether Ortholanus and Hortulanus are names which represent one and the same person, but it is suggested by the French sobriquet. Hortulanus has been identified also with Johannes Garlandius, described as Anglus. BrnLioTHECA CHEMICA, s.v. Hortulanus and Ortholanus. • See CuNo VON FALKENSTEIN ALS ERZBISCHOF voN TRIER, etc. By Dr. Franz Ferdinand, 1886, in T. Lindner's MuNSTERISCHE BEITRAGE ZUR GEsCHICHTSFORSCHUNG, etc. Old Series, Heft 9 . . 'The tract itself has nothing especially distinctive, but is clearly-indeed, luc;idlr:-worded after its own manner, within its own measures of symbolism. It is said that the Work of the Elixir appertains to Quicksilver, Flying Citrine II

Towards the end of the nineteenth century there came forward, however, a German claimant to distinction, named Karl Kieswetter, author of a brief monograph on the H1sTORY OF THE ORDER OF THE Rosy CRoss.1 He affirmed (1) that he was a direct descendant of the last Chief or Imperator of the Brotherhood; (2) that he was in a sense its literary heir and was in possession as such of many priceless Rosicrucian manuscripts ; 2 and (3) that among these was one in particular entitled COMPENDIUM TOTIUs PmLosoPHIJE ET ALcHYMIJE FRATERNITATIS RosJE [sic] CRuc1s, ex mandato Serenissimi Com"itis de Falkenstein, lmperatoris Nostri, anno Domini 1374. The MS. was said to contain alchemical theories and practical processes. If it can be taken tentatively as in existence at the time of its di;scription, there is no question that it is fraudulent, as the use of the word lmperator at the alleged period sufficiently shews. According to Kieswetter this is the first time that such a title occurs, but as a fact it is peculiar to the eighteenth century and later. We have the evidence of Michael Maier that the Order was ruled by a President in the early seventeenth century. It is to be added that the Sulphur vive, G~een ~ulphu~-which is Vitriol-and Fixed White Sulphur. Red Ea.rth or Cmobnum, Silver and Gold also enter into its composition. There IS also HoRTus AMoRrs Joh. Dumbeleii, Angli, in the collection of Rhenanus called: HARMON!./£ lMPERSCRUTABILIS CHrMrco-PHILOSOPHIC.1£ DECADES DU.1£, 1625 . • 1 • ~t .appeared. in the year 1886 at Leipzig, in a German psychical and spmtrst1c m~gazme called DER SPHINX. It was translated into French by F .. ~· Barlet m 1898 and appeared in L'lNITIATION. It is quoted in an uncritical and foolish little book called THE RosrcRUCIANs, by H. C. and K. M. B., n.d., circa 1915. ' The lmperator in question is said to have been his great-grandfather, a most zealous member of the Order during a long space of time. From ~764 to 1802 he was engaged in transcribing the archives presumably for IS pe~sonal use, and these are the MSS. which passed i~to Kieswetter's posse.~ion .. But he speaks otherwise as if they were originals each being 1 1 nscn ed with the date on which it was written and with the ~ame of the mperator by wh d" · · b 1 ose 1rectrons It was prepared. Those of the earliest period e onged to the year 1400. 12

claims of the German Rosicrucian inheritor are not of a kind to establish confidence apart from documentary evidence, and the documents-which have been sought eagerly-are not forthcoming. The next mythical chief of the Rosy Cross is Aureolus Theophrastus Paracelsus, the occult master of Hohenheim. He has secured unwittingly a not inconsiderable vogue, though the FAMA FRATERNITATIS R .·. C .·.happens to say in its sincerity that " he was none of our Fraternity." In the older days, as now, it was the habit of many to institute ascriptions within the circle of occult history without reference to its written memorials. It is difficult to say how and when the legend under notice arose. Miss A. M. Stoddart suggests that one of its earliest traces is in the woodcuts which accompany certain PROGNOSTICATIONS of Paracelsus in the collected edition of his writings by Huser, published at Cologne in 1589 and 1590.1 One of these woodcuts is said to shew a heap of books, including a volume inscribed with the word Rosa. It is an exceedingly shadowy vestige and may be ignored as such. According to another story, Paracelsus was not indeed the founder of the Rosy Cross-which had existed in earlier days than those of Luther's contemporary-but he reorganised and established it on a new basis. Kieswetter puts forward this thesis and draws it from some apocryphal manuscript. His . 1 T~E LIFE OF PARACELSUS, 1911, pp. 249, 250, and ante, p. 236. The 11lust.rat10n as described does not correspond with that which appears in the En~hsh PROPHECIES OF PARACELsus, translated by J. K., 1915, though it claims to follow Huser. There are books and MS. fragments in Fig. xvi, but the word Rosa is wanting. Fig. xxvi, however, exhibits a great letter F standmg on a Rose, beneath which is a crown. Two editions of the P~o~NOSTl~ATIO appeared circa 1536 and 1600 respectively, according to b1bl_10g~aph1cal opmio~, but the first is highly speculative, being that of the dedication ad 11/ustrwimum ac potentissimum Principcm FERDINANDUM RoMANORUM REGEM, etc. Both contain the Rose-Crown illustration with the emerg~ng letter F. I should not be at the pains to cite them ~ere it not for Mus Stoddart's rather idle speculation. 13

precious invention has gone somewhat far in its trav:els among occultists and Masons. 1 It may be compared with the statement of John Yarker that, according to LE CoMTE DE GABALIS, Paracelsus was elected Monarch of the Rosicrucian Society. What the famous occult romance actually says, however, is that the Sage of Hohenheim attained the Monarchy of Wisdom. 2 Contemporary with Paracelsus was Cornelius Agrippa, who is alleged to have founded an alchemical or theosophical society at the beginning of the sixteenth century in Paris and to have brought it about the same period to London. It has been identified with the Rosy Cross and alternatively with an early form of Emblematic Freemasonry. On this subject Kieswetter and his manuscripts seem to have exceeded the reasonable limits of caution by affirming that the alchemist Eiremeus Philalethes, "when writing in 1650, expressely calls Agrippa lmperator." As nothing under the name of Eiremeus had appeared at the date in 1 See Transactions of the Newcastle CoLLEGIUM SocIETATIS RosICRUCIANJE IN ANGLIA, Vol. I, p. 48; also ARs QuATUOR CoRONATORUM, Vol. XVII, p. 32. The speculation unfortunately misled Archdeacon Craven in his excellent work on DocTOR ROBERT FLUDD, 1902. See p. 34. Comp. ARs QuATUOR CoRONATORUM, V, 67. 2 Yarker's misstatement occurs in THE ARCANE ScHOOLS, p. 208. The remark of LE CoMTE DE GABALIS appears in the Second Entretien. See ENTRETIENS suR LES ScrnNcEs SfcRhEs, by the Abbe de Villars, Paris, 1670. There are many editions. Yarker's ignorant blunder has been reflected into the Manchester TRANSACTIONS FOR MASONIC RESEARCH. The article is entitled "Rosicrucianism an~ its connection with Freemasonry," by F. W. Bro~kba~k, who says that Gioseppe Francesco Borri was a most illustrious Rosicrucian and left a record to which we are indebted for all our knowledge of the subject. That which he left was LA CHIAVE DEL CABINETTO del Cavaliere Gioseppe Francesco Borri Colonia 1681 It is supposed to have inspired the author of LE CoMTE' DE GAB:us, b~t the French work happens to have preceded the Italian. According to Charles Mackay, ExTRAOBRDI~~RY POPULAR DELUSIONS, s.v., 'lhe Alchymists the literary cabinet of orri is " 1 · · f ' a comp ete exposition o the Rosicrucian philosophy " which ;~ans, ho'."~ver, th~t it gives account of elementary spirits a noti~n which { nhot originate; with the Order but with Paracelsus, who_'._as I have stated e sew ere-was mdebted to German folklore.

question, the Rosicrucian legatee and his pretended authority are confusing Eiremeus with Eugenius Philalethes, otherwise Thomas Vaughan; but the statement is a simple mendacity in respect of both, as their works remain to testify.1 We are approaching the seventeenth century when we arrive at the name of Dr. John Dee, that mathematician and astrologer of Mortlake who was a prime favourite with Elizabeth, Queen of England. He was precisely the kind of person who might have entered or possibly even founded a Secret Society like that of the Rosy Cross, and seeing that, having been born in 1527, he died only at the end of 1608, or some six years before the FAMA FRATERNITATIS was issued to the literati of Europe, it might seem feasible that he was actually connected with our debated subject during its embryonic period. He has been annexed accordingly, but it proves as usual to be by those who exhibit their inability to read the warrants which they cite. In the year 1618 there was published at Hamburg an 1 Kieswettcr's invention is, of course, reproduced by Yarker in THE ARCANE ScHOOLS as a matter of such complete certitude that it has not seemed even worth while to name his authority. The sole foundation of the story is that when Agrippa was sent as a young man to Paris by the Emperor Maximilian he is affirmed by Morley to have made himself " the centre of a knot of students," described otherwise as " a secret association of theosophists," who were admirers of Reuchlin, his doctrine of the Mirific Word and so forth. For the journey to Paris see Agrippa's EPISTOL.IE, Book I, Letter 2, in the 0PERUM PARS PosTERIOR, published at Leyden per Beringos Fratres, n.d. There is no authority for theosophical activities in London, where Agrippa was the guest of Dean Colet. There is, of course, nothing per se improbable respecting such an institution in either city. THE QUARTERLY REVIEW of 1798 has been quoted for Cornelius Agrippa, his secret associations and Freemasonry, but it did not come into existence till 1809. See also Henry Morley's excellent biography of the occult philosopher, 1856, I, 25, 58, 59, 62, 63. I may add that Trithemius was the instructor of Paracelsus as well as of Agrippa, and in the Ros1cRUCIAN AND MAS0~1c R~coRD for 1891 a certain Dr. Lemon had the assurance to speak of Tnthemms as a Brother of the Rosy Cross. In the case of a Masonic Rosicrucian it is usually safe to dismiss the charge of mendacity on the ground of invincible folly. In ANIMA MAGICA ABSCONDITA, 1650, Vaughan calls Agrippa " the oracle of magic " and the " master " of Wierus.

EPISTLE of Roger Bacon on the SECRETS OF ART AND NATURE AND THE v ANITY OF MAGIC, which is said to have been "corrected after numerous copies " and edited by John Dee. In this case it will be seen that it appeared posthumously and at the height of a controversy which followed in Germany upon the issue of the First Rosicrucian pamphlets. The only sense in which it connects with our inquiry is that Dee is supposed to have dedicated his edition to the Rosicrucian Brotherhood, for which statement it would seem that Kloss, the German Masonic bibliographer, is the first authority.1 On examination, however, it turns out that the Dee manuscript fell into the hands of an unknown person who undertook its publication for the benefit of seekers after knowledge, and it is to him only that the dedication in question is referable, together with an Epistle to the Reader which follows thereon. 2 I have no special concern in challenging the editorial attribution of the manuscript; apart from the preliminary matter it signifies merely that the Mortlake philosopher prepared a careful copy of Bacon's tract and it remains an open question whether he designed to publish it. In his catalogue of fifty private and imprinted works, 3 enumerated in a letter addressed by him to the Archbishop of Canterbury, 1594-5, there is no mention of his having edited the VANITY OF MAGIC, though he had a high opinion of Bacon as one "whose earthly fame can never die," 4 though he . '.I mean that he mentions the fact of the dedication in such terms that 1t might be supposed to have been written by Dee. B • The full title of the edition is as follows: EPISTOLA FRATRIS RoGERII ACONU, DE S~cRETis 0PERIBus ARTIS ET NATUR.IE, ET DE NuLLITATE MAGI.IE. Opera Johannis Dee, Londiniensis, e pluribus exemplaribus castigata olim et ad s~nsum integ~um restituta. Nunc fJero a quodam fJeritatis Amatore in grat1am ( · ) d'd ' . . fJ~rtE sc1enttE sic can 1 atarum Joras emissa, cum Notis quibusdam par!1m ipsius .JoHANN1s DEE, partim edentis. Hamburg, anno clc b, cxviii. He admits, however, expressly that his list is incomplete. E • See Dee's preface to Henry Billingsley's English translation of Euclid'1 LEMENTS, I 570. 16

sought after his works and transcribed more than one of them with his own hand. As regards the printed dedication I need say only that its anonymous author specifies in his opening lines that he was at Silesia in the year 1597, at which period Dee was in Manchester, being Warden of Christ's College.1 So passes the Rosicrucian claim in respect of John Dee, for I need not say that neither in the FAITHFUL RELATION 2- so largely autobiographical in character-nor in his PRIVATE DIARY 3-printed and in manuscript-is there the least indication that he belonged to any secret societies. During a six years' sojourn abroad he met with personalities dedicated to occult interests, including Heinrich Khunrath, whose AMPHITHEATRE OF ETERNAL WISDOM has long been held to contain Rosicrucian emblems. Dee also projected a treatise to be entitled DE HoRIZONTE lETERNITATIS in reply to Andreas Libavius, who-in a book not named specifically but published in 1593-4-" hath unduly considered a phrase in my MoNAS H1EROGLYPHICA ... by his own unskilfulness in such matters." The Libavius in question was prominent in the Rosicrucian controversy over twenty years after. Finally, one of Dee's unprinted works, referred to i573, is entitled DE STELLA AoMIRANDA IN CAsSIOPEJE AsTERISMO, recalling the Rosicrucian concern in new stars, e.g. in Serpentarius and Cygnus-which are mentioned in CoNFESSIO FRATERNITATIS R :. C :. 4 1 Charlotte Fell Smith: LIFE OF DR. JoHN DEE, c. 21. 1 A TRUE AND FAITHFUL RELATION OF WHAT PASSED FOR MANY YEARS BETWEEN DR. JoHN DEE AND SOME SPIRITS. With a Preface by Meric Casaubon. London: 1659. 3 THE PRIVATE DIARY, edited by J. 0. Halliwell, F.R.S., and published by the Camden Society, 1842. It begins on August 25th, 1554, and ends on January 19th, 1601. • The fifty w~rks enumerated by Dee himself may be contrasted with a catalogue extending to 79 items, given in Cooper's ATHENJE CANTABRICIENSEs, 1861, II, 505-9. No. 66 is called TREATISE OF THE ROSICRUCIAN SECRETS, and the reference given is to Harl. 6485. This is one of the frauduc 17

I come now to the latest, most insistent and extravagant dream of all, being that which connects Francis Bacon, Lord Verulam, with the Rosicrucian Society as its founder and original head. The name of the Viscount St. Albans has been in the ear of most literate persons for far over twentyfive years-both here and in America-as the concealed author of the Shakespeare plays and poems. Ciphers and bi-literal ciphers have been discovered in the plays and offer proof irrefragable-in the opinion of those who have found them-that the great sanctuary of English literature, the true Helicon or Parnassus, is at St. Albans and not at Stratford-on-Avon. The question is none of our concern, except in one consequence of its growth. The great debate on the ciphers was preceded by a debate which was supposed to be founded on literary criticism, and for all reasonable persons the value of this criticism has been exhibited by its outcome : in other words, the canon of textual consideration which proves Bacon to have written the works passing under the name of Shakespeare makes it not less certain that he was also responsible for the bulk of Elizabethan literature-I speak of that which matters-and of much also which followed, down to the period of RoBINSON CRUSOE. Such being the putative Baconian output, under the veils of many names, it -will be obvious that it was capable of yet further extension ; and when in the year 1888 there appeared my first study on the subject lent treatises known as the Runn COLLECTION and belongs to the eighteenth century. I shall recur to it in a later chapter. As regards Libavius, he produced NEoPARACELSICA, written against the followers of Galen, in 1594, and TaA~T:"Tus Duo PHYSIC! in the same year. On alchemy and Hermetic Me~1c1ne he w:s the most voluminous writer of his period-almost of any period-and his OPERA OMNIA MEDrco-CHEMICA appeared in folio at Frankfurt, making three volumes, 1613-15. He died in 1616. I do not find any referenc~ to Dee's MoNAs in the texts which I have been able to consult. The M~NAS Itself is exceedingly curious, but contains nothing to our purpose. Its theSIS concerning the symbol of Philosophical Mercury is reflected in Gabella's SECRETIORIS PHILOSOPHIJE CoNSIDERATIO to which the Rosicrucian CoNFEss10 was attached in 1615. ' 18

of the Rosy Cross it was seized upon with all eagerness by Baconian dreamers, who shewed to their own satisfaction that the Hermetic Order, clothed in mysterious veils, of anonymous and unknown invention, responded under so many heads to the mighty schemes of Verulam that it could have been conceived by no lesser mind. 1 Thereafter started yet another debate; which has continued with unthinkable developments even to this day. It happened in the fullness of time that-one in connection with the other-Bacon and the Rosicrucians were taken over by the Theosophical Society, which has the freedom of Akasic Records-an illimitable field for skrying-and has published the last word on the whole mystery. By the opening of certain " rifts in the veil of time " to the eye of vision there has unfolded a long scheme of successive incarnations, marking so many great epochs in occult history. I will omit the steps in personality which led up to Christian Rosy Cross, who attained a certain grade of adeptshipas it is affirmed-in the fourteenth century. He became Hunyadi Janos in a later embodiment, Francis Bacon, Thomas Vaughan,1 a certain Rakocsky-of princely Hungarian birth-and thereafter the Comte de St. Germain, who is alive in the flesh to this day. It is "a story told for the truest," if not for " the holiest that is in this world," and it follows that the mens sana et alta of Bacon did not less found the Rosicrucian Order, if he did so under a more 1 Dr. W. Wynn Westcott, Supreme Magus of the Masonic Ro•icrucian Society, is content with affirming, in his DATA OF THE HISTORY OF THE R~sICRUCI~Ns, that Francis B.acon " became a Rosicrucian Adept." He has neither evidence nor authority, good or bad, to offer for this statement. I note also-not that it matters-his seeming conversion to the chief Baconian contention, for he adds: "And so Rosicrucianism may have been the means of prompting the introduction of many mystic notions into the Plays .and. Sonnets of Shakespeare." Dr. Westcott's opinion on any literary question is fortunately not of my concern. • It happens, unfortunately, that Vaughan came to birth in 1622 when Bacon was still alive. '

ancient personality and wearing another name in the annals of the past.1 • • I am not concerned with pursuing these famous inventions which must be taken or left according to the quality of o~r distinctions in respect of psychic evidence and some of its cheap substitutes in common reverie. For my present purpose the one questio~ that .eme~ges is t~e historical position of the affirmations which link Francis Bacon with the Rosicrucian Brotherhood, in whatever capacity and whether brought forward by those who represent a psychic or presumably critical interest. Let it be remembered that Bacon was born on January 22, I 561, and died in 1626, so that he may be said to have witnessed the Rosicrucian Golden Dawn in 1614. and the setting of its second lustrum. In the year 1902, Mr. A. P. Sinnett, Vice-President of the Theosophical Society for a long period, wrote an article on THE REAL FRANCIS BACON, at the close of which he suggests that, "the student of the great Bacon 1 An early memorial of this revelation will be found in MAN : WHENCE AND WHITHER, by Annie Besant and C. W. Leadbeater, from which depend many articles scattered throughout the periodical literature of modern theosophy. It may be said to have culminated in FRANCIS BACON, Baron Verulam, Viscount St. Alban, by E. F. Udny, M.A., which ran for many months in the columns of THE MESSENGER, an· American magazine belonging to the same school The position assumed by this deliramentum magnum is that "St. Alban was an initiate of the Great White Lodge," described as a " Brotherhood of Divine Men, the firstfruits of our race, who have already tro~den the Path and have become the 'Right Hand ' of God, the agents behmd. the Veil of the Supreme for guiding and governing the world." There is also another book of Mrs. Besant's entitled THE MASTERS which . ' ' summarises the actual findings as follows : " The last survivor of the Royal House of Rak6czi, known as the Comte de St. Germain in the history of the 18th c~ntury,_as Bacon in the 17th, as Robertus the Monk in the 16th, a~ ~unyad1 Janos m the 15th, as Christian Rosenkreuz in the 14th ... was disciple through these laborious lives and now has achieved Masterhood the :,Hungarian Adept' of THE OccuLT WoRLD "-a book by A. P. Sinn:ttand known to some of us in that Hungarian body." Compare LE LoTus BLEU, October, 1912, which claims that theosophy is in direct relation with the Founder o~ t.h~ original Rosicrucian Order. He is described as" an adept known to the mlt!ates of our society." 20

mystery must turn to Mrs. Henry Pott's painstaking work, FRANCIS BACON AND HIS SECRET SocIETY, where we get striking arguments to shew that the Rosicrucian movement in the early part of the seventeenth century was Bacon's doing." There is no doubt that this literary lady had a most intimate knowledge of the works of Lord Verulam, as of everything remotely or approximately connected with these, but respecting the nature of evidence she had no knowledge at all ; her view that Bacon was the centre of a secret league for the advancement of learning is an expression of belief, and so is also her notion that the league in question was that of the Rosy Cross. We know exactly their root-matter and that the association which Bacon actually planned was in no sense secret at all. It was developed ultimately along similar open lines as the Royal Society. Though somewhat loose in the wording, Bacon's scheme is described tolerably by Biihle in his notice of THE NEw ATLANTIS and its Emblematical House of Solomon-as the idea of a Society of Scholars (1) to promote discoveries in physics by observation and research ; (2) to displace the scholastic Aristotelian philosophy; (3) to dispel the theosophic, Kabalistic and alchemical illusions of Bacon's contemporaries; (4) to impel them towards a surer, more faithful study of Nature. 1 An examination of Mrs. Po~t's somewhat elaborate work2 presents her from the beginning as her own court of appeal, as well as her own counsel. She has credited Francis Bacon, directly or indirectly, with the bulk of important Elizabethan literature, and as it is impossible that he could have produced single-handed so vast an output1 J. G. Biihle : UEBER DEN URSPRUNG ... DER RosENKREUZER UND FREYM~URER, 1804, to which Nicolai replied in 1806 in a volume of equal pretensions called EINIGE BEMERKUNGEN UBER DEN URSPRUNG DER RoSENKREUZER UND FREYMAURER . • 1 FRANCIS BACON AND His SECRET Soc1ETY, 1891. The publication of thlS volume took place in America only. 21

not to speak of the post-Elizabethan works which are also fathered upon him-she postulates "united efforts." In other words, Bacon was the centre of a " secret league for the advancement of learning." It will be seen that the thesis depends in this manner on the accuracy of her credit side of the account, with which no one is in agreement except a few kindred enthusiasts to whom I shall advert shortly. She tells us in the next place that she has searched the history of Secret Societies throughout the Middle Ages and has decided that the Rosicrucian Fraternity is " the one of all others which would have been best fitted to promote Bacon's lofty aims." There is no need to point out here, as an obvious answer, that the existence of a Rosicrucian Society in the Middle Ages happens to be one of the chief questions at issue: no doubt her purpose would be served equally well by saying that he founded the Order-which is one of her alternatives. It is enough that her contention is based on a question of Baconian authorship, about which neither she nor anyone like her has been able to satisfy a single reasonable mind. When the evidence has been based on supposed critical considerations we are embarked on a sea of false analogies and gratuitous speculations : when it is founded upon buried ciphers they prove to be arbitrary inventions by means of which any authorship could be got out of any document. Let us admit, however, for a moment the ruling of the court of appeal and even extend its findings. Let us say that Bacon wrote all which matters in English literature from the CANTERBURY TALES to SARTOR RESARTUS. 1 Be • 1 The last suggestion may well appear incredible, but it has been made m THE MESSENGER, that American official organ of the Theosophical Society alrea?y quoted, by a writer who is entitled to place M.A., as a title of learnmg, after his name. From my own point of view the suggestion is of enormous _value as an illustration of the canon of criticism which governs the ~acoman aspect of Shakespearean research more especially under theosophical auspices. They prove nothing whose' thesis proves too much. 22

it granted also that a single Secret Society to furnish amanuenses, or even aids in research, seems strictly moderate. But what considerations are offered by Mrs. Pott to persuade us that he selected the Rosicrucianssupposing that they preceded him in time-or established them as a league of scriveners ? I have searched the whole volume recommended by Mr. A. P. Sinnett and have found three pieces of alleged evidence. (I) It is said in the FAMA FRATERNITATIS: "After this manner began the Brotherhood of the Rosy Cross, at first by four person only, and by them was made the Magical Language and Writing, with a great Dictionary, which we still use daily to the praise and glory of God, finding great wisdom therein." Herein, as we are told, are the head and heart of Bacon discovered certainly, because one of his most cherished schemes was the compilation of dictionaries. Unfortunately, however, for Mrs. Pott, the Rosicrucian lexicon waR obviously a glossary of words to accompany an inventert language and its cipher alphabet, whereas Bacon's hypothetical dictionaries stood for encyclopredic compilations, for repositories of knowledge. That is the distinction between them, and thereon collapses the evidence.1 (2) The second evidential point, according to Mrs. Pott, is that Bacon's College of. the Six Days, described in THE NEW ATLANTIS, is the College of the Rosicrucians. 2 This, as she says, " we know," the rejoinder to which is an equally distinct negative. (3) For the third she produces a selection 1 Were it otherwise, as there should be no need to add, the compilation of an encyclopa:dia, ex hypothesi in the fifteenth or any other century, would not. prove that Bacon was connected with the compilers because he also had a kindred scheme in his mind . . • TH.E NEW ATLA~TIS is an unfinished allegorical romance of the Utopian ki~d which was published after the author's death by Dr. William Rawley, being appended to SYLVA SYLVARUM and followed by THE HISTORY OF LIFE AND DEATH. A sixth edition appeared in 1651. The College of the Six Days was called .Solomon's ~ouse alternatively, and was a place set apart from the rest, even m the Utopian community. 23

from fifty-two alleged Rules or Laws adopted by the original Rosicrucians ; but with due respect to the good intentions of a deceased lady I have to submit that, as enumerated by her, these Laws are fraudulent. The "original" Rosicrucians-according to their legend-had an agreement in common together, embodied in six clauses only, as we shall see in the proper place, and out of these she extracts three. The fifty-two Laws are those published by Sigmund Richter in 1710,1 but Mrs. Pott has subjected them to a process of editing in the interests of p~rsonal predilections, as, for example, to shew that Rosicrucians were forbidden to issue Rosicrucian writings under the names of their authors 2-presumably because the vast supposititious works of Bacon appeared under other designations than his own. Such are the heads of evidence that Francis Bacon belonged to the Rosicrucian Society, whether as member and chief at his period or as its original founder : they are of the same kind and the same value as those by .vhich it has been sought to shew he wrote the plays of Shakespeare, THE FAERIE QuEEN, THE ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY and so onward through the centuries, almost to our own day. Next to Mrs. Constance M. Pott the most zealous follower of this Quixotic quest was Mr. W. F. C. Wigston, who between 1888 and 1892 issued four large volumes, in which the connection between Bacon and the Rosicrucians was put forward as strenuously as his authorship of the Shakespeare plays, the speculations being carried also 1 S. R., i.e. Sincerus Renatus, i.e. Sigmund Richter : D1E WAHRHAFFTE ~ND VoLLKOMMENE BEREITUNG DES PHILOSOPHISCENS STEINS, etc. etc., i.e., HE PERFECT AND TRUE PREPARATION OF THE PHILOSOPHICAL STONE ACCORDING TO THE SECRET METHOD OF THE BROTHERHOOD OF THE GOLDEN ~ND Rosy CRoss. With the Rules of the said Order for the Initiation of New Members. Breslau, 1710. . • It was ~ecreed by Rule 13 that the making or printing of extracts from the secret Writings could not take place except by licence of the Congregation and that such extracts w t b · d · ' ere no to e s1gne with " the names or characters of any Brother "-a ref b bl . erence most pro a y to their Sacramental Names. 24

I have put these points concisely, yet wit~ a ~ertain force of expression, that they may lose nothing m the enumeration : I will now take them successively and exhibit their evidential values. (1) There is nothing whatsoever in the life of Bacon to shew that he was connected with secret associations of any kind, but on the contrary there is everything to indicate that he desired to bring the literati and learned of Europe together in an open manner, for the better advancement of learning. 1 THE NEW ATLANTIS represents a commonwealth of learning established on those lines and is an allegorical picture of the scheme. It is a fable embodying a design. To suggest that it represents anything existing in time and space is equivalent to proposing that Campanella's CITY OF THE SuN or the REsPUBLICA CHRISTIANA of Andrea: belongs to annals of literal history. 2 (2) As there is no warrant for supposing that Bacon founded or belonged to any Secret Societies there can be none for his connection with the Rosy Cross, yet there is a certain very modified sense in which it is true to say that the FAMA FRATERNITATIS and its connections are in analogy with the mind of Bacon over things which are common to both. The reformation of arts and sciences, the appeal from scholasticism to Nature, 1 The fact is on the face of his writings and has been recognised fully and frequently. It is indeed the whole motive and subject of Bacon's AnvANCEMENT OF LEARNING, which he was ready to promote by all reasonable mean~. If he ~peaks i~ one place of passing certain things " from hand to hand with selection and judgment," by a private reservation for " fit and selected mi~ds," there is ~othing in his life or his writings to shew that he pursued this method, which he regarded, moreover, as " an old trick of impostors," who have "made it as a false light for their counterfeit mer- chandises." • RE.IPUBLIC.IE CHRISTIANOPOLITAN.IE DEsCRIPTIO 1619. An English translation by Dr. F. E. Held has been issued by th~ American Branch of the Oxford University Press, 1917. It is called CHRISTIANOPOLIS truly "a neglected Utopia" h "d · · ' , as someone as sa1 concermng it. Campanella's CITY OF THE SuN-CIVITAs Sous, IDEA REIPUBLIC.IE PHILOSOPHIC.IE 1623-seems far-famed in comparison. ' 26

the dethronement of Aristotle, the longing for a better body of medicine and a purer body of religion began neither with Bacon nor the Rosicrucians, for their roots lie back in the centuries. The Rosicrucians and Bacon are in undesigned correspondence therefore one with another, not because the secret Brotherhood came to birth in a study at St. Albans or because German adepti inspired the Novum Organum, but because both belonged to their epoch and were products of their immediate past. (3) To affirm that Rosicrucian literature declined soon after the death of Bacon in 1626 is an arbitrary and ex parte statement for the sustenance of a particular thesis, and the bibliographical records are against it. So far as Germany is concerned it had declined previously; and publications on either side of the debate raised by the official pamphlets were few and far between after the year 1620. I can trace nothing in France prior to 1623, when Gabriel Naude issued his hostile criticism, while in England Robert Fludd was still unfolding Rosicrucian theosophy and occult sciences in 1629. (4) The notable Rosicrucian Emblem proves on comparison not to be Rosicrucian at all. The heart placed in the centre of an open rose should have a cross inscribed upon the heart, in which form it appears-but very late indeed in the records-among THE SECRET SYMBOLS OF THE Ros1cRuc1ANs OF THE S1xTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES, Altona, 1785-8.1 Stripped as it is of this key-sign, the device of Bacon or his printer has no connection with our research. (5) The alleged analogies between Rosicrucian and Baconian doctrine have been discussed sufficiently in my consideration of the second point; and it remains only to say that such topics as the music of the spheres, the harmonies of the world and so forth are only treated incidentally and casually by the philosopher of 1 There is also one example of a heart centred in a cross. See p. 14 of the reprint issued at Berlin in 1919. 27

St. Albans, whereas Robert Fludd-his contemporaryhad taken them into his heart and wrote at large concerning them.1 (6) As regards this point, it must be understood that the origin of Rosicrucianism in England rather than in Germany-though Christian Rosy Cross was a German by the hypothesis of history 2-does not depend from any particle of direct evidence, but is an implication of the dream that Bacon was father or at least a sponsor of the Order. On such an assumption it is obvious that Rosicrucianism was conceived in Englan4, even if it was born abroad; but there is no external fact or circumstance to render such a notion tolerable. Mr. Wigston 3 says that when Michael Maier, the alchemist, visited England, and perhaps stayed with Robert Fludd in his beautiful manor at Bearsted, he did not bring the Order of the Rosy Cross -so to speak-in his pocket : he carried it back rather on his return to Germany. But a little later on our apologist has perforce to admit that on his return Maier found the literati of his native land-all its theosophists, alchemists and astrologers, all the easy believers in tales of wonder and all the hard heads-waging one with another a royal battle on the claims of the Rosicrucian manif estoes. There is not the least reason for placing the origin of the Order otherwise than in the Teutonic fatherland, where all its antecedents lay : it bears the signs and seals of its German sources and is redolent of that environment. ~7) To say, finally, that the initials of Francis Bacon appear m the FAMA FRATERNITATIS, together with a personal 1 See the speculations on music in UTRIUSQUE CosM1 MAJORIS. . . . PHvs1cA ATQUE TECHNICA HrsTORIA ToMus PRIMUS 1617 · ibid. TRACTATUS ' SECUNDUS 1618 D 'I l M . ' ' ' • , s.v., e emp o usict11; Anatomit11 Amphitheatrum, etc., .. i6z~, s.v., Monochordum Mundi Symphoniacum, and elsewhere in his writings. : The FAMA describes him as "the most godly and highly illuminated l Fath~rh our Brother, C :.R :.C :., a German, and adds elsewhere that in his :1 yout e was " of a strong Dutch constitution " 8 See FRANCIS BACON, etc., s.v., "Notes on° Rosicrucian Literature." 28

description, is-in all frankness-to bear false testimony. The manifesto in question alludes to a mysterious Book T, being a parchment, described as a great treasure. It ends with a Latin ELOGIUM, after which the Brethren of the first and second circles are said to have placed their initials, by way of signature. Among those of the earlier group-and belonging ex hypothesi therefore to the fifteenth century-is Fra :. F :. B :. M :. P :. A :. , described as Pictor et Architectus.1 There is neither sense nor sincerity in affirming that these initials signify Francis Bacon, nor could he be identified otherwise under such denominations as Painter and Architect, though Mr. Wigston has dedicated several pages to an argument that he was both, if the words are understood within their figurative or emblematical measures. We see, therefore, that so far as evidential values are concerned the deponent here cited is out of court or nonsuited on every count of his affidavit. Were it possible to think for a moment that the Fraternity of the Rosy Cross had its concealed founder and chief in this country, Robert Fludd would be assuredly a far more plausible claimant than Francis Bacon ; he corresponds to all the essential qualifications, generally as occult philosopher, especially as Theosophist, Alchemist, Kabalist, Magian and Exponent of medicina catholica, who taught from a seat of learning placed within the veil of a mystical sanctuary of healing, according to his own description. Bacon was none of these things, and Mr. Wigston has fallen into many signal errors of enthusiasm in attempting to shew that he was. There is also Mr. Harold Bayley, who appealed long ago, for " further investigation and research " in respect of 1 The same original member seems to be mentioned earlier as Brother B ::, and the alleged personal description says that he was" a skilful painter," which cannot be called a characteristic definition from Francis Bacon

Francis Bacon. 1 He lays down (1) that " St. Alban, poet and dramatist," belonged to " the mystic Brotherhood of the Rosicrucians," apparently because it was one of "their principles and rules to produce works under other names than their own "-being Mrs. Pott's thesis, as we have seen; (2) that the history of Bacon offers a parallel with that of Christian Rosy Cross, because at the age of fifteen he requested his parents to remove him from Cambridge, "as he had acquired everything the university was able to teach," while-according to the FAMA. FRATERNITATISthe Rosicrucian protagonist went East~ard in search of wisdom at about the same age; (3) that Mr. Bayley has discovered "peculiar and distinctive Rosicrucian symbols, cunningly but unquestionably concealed in the ornamental head and tail pieces " of Baconian books ; (4) that certain watermarks on the paper used in printing THE AovANCEMENT OF LEARNING shew the initials R. C., C. R. and " perhaps " C. R. C., while others include roses. The frivolity of these intimations is manifest on their surface. (1) The original Rosicrucian manifestoes were by their hypothesis on the part of the Society at large and could appear under no individual names, but the expository literature of the subject is under well-known names, like those of Robert Fludd, Michael Maier, Thomas Vaughan, John Reydon, whence it is the very reverse of the truth to propose that the mystical Brethren were accustomed to produce works under names other than their own. (2) Between the biography of Bacon and the traditional personality of FAMA FRATERNITATIS there is no analogy 1 See TRAGEDY OF SIR FRANCIS BACON, 1902, and also JouRNAL OF THE BACON SocrETY for the same year. I do not know whether Mr. Bayley has abandoned the views summarised above, but in his NEW LIGHT ON THE RENAISSANCE and LosT LANGUAGE OF SYMBOLISM, published some years later, the references to Bacon are few and far between and are confined to brief quotations, quite apart from any thesis, though he is dealing with watermarks and printers' ornamental blocks. 30

whatever. The one left Cambridge, weening himself stuffed with its knowledge, but the other went to the East, presumably in search of knowledge. It seems almost beneath the native dignity of criticism that one is called upon to point out a fact so obvious as this. (3) The alleged Rosicrucian symbols in the head and tail-pieces of Bacon's works can be dismissed in a no less summary manner, for the Brotherhood of the Rosy Cross has only one characteristic and exclusive emblem,1 being that whence their name derives, and it appears nowhere in connection with the writings of Verulam, whether as a printer's ornament or as a watermark on the paper. (4) As regards watermarks, I make no pretence of distinguishing the specific edition of THE AovANCEMENT to which Mr. Bayley refers, but it is certainly not that of the first two books, which appeared in 1605, is long antecedent to the original proclamations of the Order in Germany and could therefore-under any circumstances-prove nothing. I am of course far from admitting that the initials C. R. and their variants used as watermarks would prove anything at any period, and I remember Mr. Bayley's methods in two later books, where any watermark chalice is affirmed to be the Holy Graal, and any pictured castle is that of Corbenic or Mont Salvatch. It is not in such manner that great debatable questions attain a settlement. 2 1 It has been naturally a matter of convenience to father on the Brotherhood any emblems which happened to help the speculations of enthusiasts who have seen the Rosy Cross wherever they turned their eyes and would have liked to discover it everywhere. The pelican is one useful instance, but. we ~hall find much later on its real position in our subject. As the ~os1cruc1~ns were alchemists, all the great cloud of pictoria~ symbols found m alchemical textbooks may have been part of their concern ; but they were not characteristic of the Order. So also on rare occasions we meet with figures and diagrams in Rosicrucian books which are suggestive of Masonic signs and moralities; but again they are accidental or subsidiary, not essential to the Order and not belonging to its doctrine. 1 See A N~w LIGHT ON THE RENAISSANCE, 1909, pp. 68, 69, where it is said that some writers represent the Castle of the Graal as situated on a moun31

Here are the findings of an exceedingly restrained criticism on the Baconian origin of the Rosy Cross, outside akasic records. The last state of the subject is far more frantic than the first in respect of these, for there has come about a kind of marriage between the two methods of research. The results of astral skrying have been fortified by gleanings from the Bacon-Shakespeare literature, while the pages of Mrs. Pott and her lineal descendants in the apostleship of literary unreason have been illuminated from time to time by the faculty of intuition and its substitutes, directed thereupon. There was never ~uch a mad world, my masters, as that which has been formulated around the central figure of Viscount St. Albans. It seems idle to plead that for want of evidence-except in the opposite direction-we are unable to regard him as a Master of the Rosy Cross, or originator of the Rosicrucian Fraternity. or directly in touch with the Brotherhood and author of the allegory concerning C.·.R.·.C.·.,1 when these comparatively minor marvels are swallowed up in the shadow of truly cyclopean revelations, according to which (1) Bacon "created single-handed the literature and to a large extent the language of the Elizabethan age" ; (z) was the real author of Pope's EssAY ON MAN, of Addison's contributa.in. " Figs. I 55 to 158 are representations of this castle." Again : " In Figs. 165 to 213 we have a series of designs embodying the manifold phases of the. Graal cult." There is no evidence whatever and no process of interpretation could beg any question at issue more completely. See also THE L~sT LA~GUAGE OF SYM,~OLISM, z vols., 1912. "The object surmounting Fig. 1271s the Sangraal, p. 51. Many other places could be cited, and the me.thod ado_Pted throughout-whatever the subject in hand-seems to me quite as arb1tra~y. It is ch~racteristic of the kind of research. M. Eugene ~r.ou~ pursu~d it for years m France, and his MYSTERES DE LA CHEVALERIE is its 1llustrat1on at large. 1 ~ee THE :aos1cRUCIANS, by Brothers H. C. and K. M. B., which says : (i) t at there is a strong probability that its author was Francis Bacon Lord Verulam · (2)th t T N A · ' ' . a HE EW TLANTIS IS a sequel to FAMA FRATERNITATIS ; (3) that seal, sign, secrecy and oath were identical in both works which is utterly contrary to fact; (4) that as in Bensalem of THE NEw 'ATLANTIS 32

tions to THE SPECTATOR, of SARTOR RESARTUs-perhaps by way of inspiration-of THE ANCIENT MARINER and Fitzgerald's OMAR KHAYYAM; and finally (3) endured not only the incarnations and reincarnations which have been mentioned briefly but was the legitimate son of Queen Elizabeth and heir to the throne of Britain in place of James I. It seems incredible that a sane editor-if such a person exists in American theosophical literature-should publish month after month these vagaries of a literary mania in a periodical which pretends to be serious. But these on the one part are findings of the particular canon of critieism adopted in Baconian circles, and on the other are relations of ciphers and bi-literal ciphers, fortified by expert readings in the astral records of the past. That which emerges from the research embodied in the present chapter is the signal importance attached to the idea of the Rosy Cross, its fact and the claims advanced concerning it, for several occult interests at this day and during two or three generations immediately preceding. There is no greater name in alchemy than is that of Raymund Lully, whether identified with the doctor illumina.tus of the Balearic Isles or regarded as an Unknown Master, described vaguely as a Jewish neophyte, which might

there were " books pertaining to the Christian Revelation before they were written," so in the tomb of Christian Rosy Cross were unwritten works of Paracelsus, truly a striking evidence of lapsus memoriee in both cases. The rest of the evidence for the Baconian authorship of the FAMA is of similar value. No doubt the canon of criticism represents a high-water mark of Baconian erudition acquired in the light of theosophy and its peculiar glass of vision. As regards the work which I have cited and its authors, Brothers H. C. and K. M. B. are to be understood as ladies, in accordance with the unspeakable terminology of Female Freemasonry. The little volume forms one of the TRANSACTIONS of the Golden Rule Lodge, under the obedience of Universal Co-Freemasonry. This body is to be distinguished from an independent obedience which came forth therefrom, and because it is the newest thing on earth is not unfitly denominated Ancient Freemasonry. The book is innocent enough by intention, but fanciful in its dealings with the facts of Rosicrucian history and of wild extravagance in speculation. D 33

suggest a " proselyte of the gate," but was used to identify a convert from the religion of Israel. There is no occult personality to compare with Paracelsus, while that other ill-starred pupil of Trithemius, Cornelius Agrippa, is of traditional repute in magic. Lastly, Francis Bacon is the monitor and prophet of the new age which followed the Renaissance and Reformation. It is these who are marshalled successively to explain the Rosicrucian Mystery. The pleas fail, as we have seen, but there is something momentous in the ascriptions. It means that in studygroups, as among romance writers, the Mystery loomed largely, portending much more than was exhibited on its surface, however curiously blazoned.

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